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Allen's rule - Hare and its ears on the Earth [1]. Allen's rule is an ecogeographical rule formulated by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877, [2] [3] broadly stating that animals adapted to cold climates have shorter and thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals adapted to warm climates.
Environmental temperature is one of the most important proximate factors affecting ectotherm body size because of their need to thermoregulate. Individuals that have been observed to follow the temperature-size rule have slower growth rates in colder environments, yet they enter a period of prolonged growth that yields larger adult body sizes.
In a landmark paper published in 1982, Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup identified five particular geological intervals with excessive diversity loss. [2] They were originally identified as outliers on a general trend of decreasing extinction rates during the Phanerozoic, [3] but as more stringent statistical tests have been applied to the accumulating data, it has been established that in the ...
Other scientists have criticized the assertion that population growth is a key driver for biodiversity loss. [13] They argue that the main driver is the loss of habitat, caused by "the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or biofuel consumption in higher income economies."
Human-caused habitat loss and fragmentation are primary drivers of species declines and extinctions. Key examples of human-induced habitat loss include deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. Habitat destruction and fragmentation can increase the vulnerability of wildlife populations by reducing the space and resources ...
Small animals tend to grow fast, breed early, and die young. [27] According to MTE, these patterns in life history traits are constrained by metabolism. [28] An organism's metabolic rate determines its rate of food consumption, which in turn determines its rate of growth. This increased growth rate produces trade-offs that accelerate senescence.
Institutional and policy factors included formal pro-deforestation policies on land development (40%), economic growth including colonization and infrastructure improvement (34%), and subsidies for land-based activities (26%); property rights and land-tenure insecurity (44%); and policy failures such as corruption, lawlessness, or mismanagement ...
Life cycles can be divided into two major stages: growth and reproduction. These two cannot take place at the same time, so once reproduction has begun, growth usually ends. [9] This shift is important because it can also affect other aspects of an organism's life, such as the organization of its group or its social interactions. [8]