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A toxoid is an inactivated toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. [1] Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids are not secreted by bacteria.
A widely used toxoid vaccine is the DPT vaccine, which is usually administered in multiple doses throughout childhood with adjuvants and boosters for long-term immunity. [8] DPT vaccine protects against pertussis , tetanus and diphtheria infections, caused by the exotoxin-producing Bordetella pertussis , Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium ...
Several bacteriophages contain toxin genes that become incorporated into the host bacteria genome through infection and render the bacteria toxic. [9] Many well known bacterial toxins are produced from specific strains of the bacteria species that have obtained toxigenicity through lysogenic conversion, pseudolysogeny, or horizontal gene ...
Tetanus toxoid, for instance, is usually adsorbed onto alum. This presents the antigen in such a way as to produce a greater action than the simple aqueous tetanus toxoid. People who have an adverse reaction to adsorbed tetanus toxoid may be given the simple vaccine when the time comes for a booster. [88]
Under this definition, inactivated vaccines also include subunit vaccines and toxoid vaccines. [3] [9] Examples ... Bacterial: Injected typhoid vaccine; Cholera vaccine;
Toxin-antitoxin systems could prevent harmful large deletions in a bacterial genome, though arguably deletions of large coding regions are fatal to a daughter cell regardless. [11] In Vibrio cholerae , multiple type II toxin-antitoxin systems located in a super-integron were shown to prevent the loss of gene cassettes.
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The Amanita muscaria mushroom, an iconic toxic mushroom.. A toxin is a naturally occurring poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. [2] They occur especially as proteins, often conjugated. [3]