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  2. Blast furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace

    Blast furnaces used in the ISP have a more intense operation than standard lead blast furnaces, with higher air blast rates per m 2 of hearth area and a higher coke consumption. [ 79 ] Zinc production with the ISP is more expensive than with electrolytic zinc plants, so several smelters operating this technology have closed in recent years. [ 80 ]

  3. Direct reduction (blast furnace) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reduction_(blast...

    For blast furnaces, direct reduction corresponds to the reduction of oxides by the carbon in the coke. However, in practice, direct reduction only plays a significant role in the final stage of iron reduction in a blast furnace, by helping to reduce wustite (FeO) to iron. In this case, the chemical reaction can be trivially described as follows ...

  4. Metallurgical furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace

    A metallurgical furnace, often simply referred to as a furnace when the context is known, is an industrial furnace used to heat, melt, or otherwise process metals. Furnaces have been a central piece of equipment throughout the history of metallurgy ; processing metals with heat is even its own engineering specialty known as pyrometallurgy .

  5. Blast furnace gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace_gas

    Blast furnace gas (BFG) [1] is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value , about 3.5 MJ/m 3 (93 BTU /cu.ft), [ 2 ] because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide , which are not flammable.

  6. Reverberatory furnace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace

    The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are ...

  7. Lead smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_smelting

    The blast furnace is similar in structure to a cupola furnace used in iron foundries. The furnace is charged with slag, scrap iron, limestone, coke, oxides, dross, and reverberatory slag. The coke is used to melt and reduce the lead. Limestone reacts with impurities and floats to the top. This process also keeps the lead from oxidizing. The ...

  8. Ferrous metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy

    The efficiency of the blast furnace was improved by the change to hot blast, patented by James Beaumont Neilson in Scotland in 1828. [90] This further reduced production costs. Within a few decades, the practice was to have a 'stove' as large as the furnace next to it into which the waste gas (containing CO) from the furnace was directed and burnt.

  9. Cement kiln - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_kiln

    Around 1885, experiments began on design of continuous kilns. One design was the shaft kiln, similar in design to a blast furnace. Rawmix in the form of lumps and fuel were continuously added at the top, and clinker was continually withdrawn at the bottom. Air was blown through under pressure from the base to combust the fuel.

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