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Data hazards: A piece of data that can be used to harm others, such as the DNA sequence of a lethal pathogen. [2] Idea hazards: General ideas that can harm others if fulfilled. One example is the idea of "using a fission reaction to create a bomb". Knowing this idea alone can be enough for a well-resourced team to develop a nuclear bomb.
Wikipedia's article classification system sorts articles by overall quality, and thus is a less obtrusive system for measuring quality, and is used instead of most tags. For example, most C-class articles lack enough references to be B-class, so tagging a C-class article with an article-wide tag for lack of references is nearly always redundant.
The hazard ratio is the effect on this hazard rate of a difference, such as group membership (for example, treatment or control, male or female), as estimated by regression models that treat the logarithm of the HR as a function of a baseline hazard () and a linear combination of explanatory variables:
Example of risk increase Quantity Experimental group (E) Control group (C) Total Events (E) EE = 75 CE = 100 175 Non-events (N) EN = 75 CN = 150 225 Total subjects (S)
They can be classified by causing actor (for example, natural or anthropogenic), by physical nature (e.g. biological or chemical) or by type of damage (e.g., health hazard or environmental hazard). Examples of natural disasters with highly harmful impacts on a society are floods, droughts, earthquakes, tropical cyclones, lightning strikes ...
Risk is the lack of certainty about the outcome of making a particular choice. Statistically, the level of downside risk can be calculated as the product of the probability that harm occurs (e.g., that an accident happens) multiplied by the severity of that harm (i.e., the average amount of harm or more conservatively the maximum credible amount of harm).
When used as part of an aviation hazard analysis, a "Likelihood" is a specific probability. It is the joint probability of a hazard occurring, that hazard causing or contributing to an aircraft accident or incident, and the resulting degree of loss or harm falling within one of the defined severity categories.
This page is an attempt to establish such a research protocol. It takes the form of a pledge or agreement between the ethnographer and the Wikipedian community. It is not the only possible research protocol, but it can be used by any researcher who wishes to ethically research Wikipedia by actively interacting with the community.