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The exothermic (heat producing) reaction between potassium permanganate (KMnO 4), a strong oxidizing agent, and glycerol (C 3 H 5 (OH) 3), a readily oxidised organic substance, is an example of an experiment sometimes referred to as a "chemical volcano". [7] [8]
The reagent is an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds (R 2 C=CR 2 or R−C≡C−R) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a positive test. [43] The test is antiquated. Baeyer's reagent reaction
When used to oxidize organic compounds, the exact chemical reaction depends on the organic reactant present. For example, trichloroethane (C 2 H 3 Cl 3) is oxidised by permanganate ions to form carbon dioxide (CO 2), manganese dioxide (MnO 2), hydrogen ions (H +), and chloride ions (Cl −). [6] 8 MnO − 4 + 3 C 2 H 3 Cl 3 → 6 CO 2 + 8 MnO 2 ...
Similar to potassium permanganate, the two-step decomposition of rubidium permanganate leads to the formation of rubidium manganate intermediates. It breaks down into manganese dioxide, rubidium oxide and oxygen. [4] The decomposition temperature is between 200 and 300 °C. [7] Drift-away oxygen caused an 8% mass loss in the product. [7]
The international pictogram for oxidizing chemicals. Dangerous goods label for oxidizing agents. An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent (called the reductant, reducer, or electron donor).
Potassium dichromate is an oxidising agent in organic chemistry, and is milder than potassium permanganate. It is used to oxidize alcohols. It converts primary alcohols into aldehydes and, under more forcing conditions, into carboxylic acids. In contrast, potassium permanganate tends to give carboxylic acids as the sole products.
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of base would neutralize each other according to the chemical reaction.
A salt containing reactive cations undergo hydrolysis by which they react with water molecules, causing deprotonation of the conjugate acids. For example, the acid salt ammonium chloride is the main species formed upon the half neutralization of ammonia in aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride: [2] NH 3 + HCl(aq) → [NH 4] + Cl − (aq)