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Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. [1] More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix.
A squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) is an abnormal growth of epithelial cells on the surface of the cervix, commonly called squamous cells. This condition can lead to cervical cancer , but can be diagnosed using a Pap smear or a colposcopy .
Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia over 10 to 20 years. [3] About 75% of cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, 20-25% are adenocarcinoma, 3% are adenosquamous carcinomas and less than 1% are small cell neuroendocrine tumors of the cervix. [19]
Against this background, the "(late) whiplash syndrome" (ICD-10: S13.4) has been one special focus of continuous and controversial scientific research since the 1950s [58] [59] as the worldwide incidence of such injuries varies enormously, from 16 to 2000 per 100,000 population, and the late whiplash syndrome in these cases varies between 18% ...
Cervicocranial syndrome can be caused either due to a defect (genetic mutation [9] or development of diseases later in life) or an injury pertaining to the cervical area of the neck that damages the spinal nerves traveling through the cervical region [10] [7] resulting in ventral subluxation. [11]
Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). It is characterized by loss of power and sensation in arms and hands. It usually results from trauma which causes damage to the neck, leading to major injury to the central corticospinal tract of the spinal cord. [1]
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. [2] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.
[10] [20] [21] These cancers all involve sexually transmitted infection of HPV to the stratified epithelial tissue. [1] [2] HPV type 16 is the strain most likely to cause cancer and is present in about 47% of all cervical cancers, [22] [23] and in many vaginal and vulvar cancers, [24] penile cancers, anal cancers, and cancers of the head and neck.