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  2. Halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogenation

    The addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via intermediate halonium ions. In special cases, such intermediates have been isolated. [5] Bromination is more selective than chlorination because the reaction is less exothermic. Illustrative of the bromination of an alkene is the route to the anesthetic halothane from trichloroethylene: [6]

  3. Free-radical halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical_halogenation

    Phenylic hydrogens have extremely strong bonds and are rarely displaced by halogens. Non-enolizable aldehydes oxidize to the acyl halide, but enolizable aldehydes typically halogenate at the α position instead. Indeed, allylic and benzylic hydrogens have bonds much weaker than alkanes, and are selectively replaced in the Wohl-Ziegler reaction.

  4. Haloalkane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane

    Alkanes react with halogens by free radical halogenation. In this reaction a hydrogen atom is removed from the alkane, then replaced by a halogen atom by reaction with a diatomic halogen molecule. Free radical halogenation typically produces a mixture of compounds mono- or multihalogenated at various positions. [citation needed]

  5. Alkane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane

    Free radical halogenation reactions occur with halogens, leading to the production of haloalkanes. The hydrogen atoms of the alkane are progressively replaced by halogen atoms. The reaction of alkanes and fluorine is highly exothermic and can lead to an explosion. [29] These reactions are an important industrial route to halogenated hydrocarbons.

  6. Hydrohalogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrohalogenation

    A hydrohalogenation reaction is the electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides like hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide to alkenes to yield the corresponding haloalkanes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon with fewer ...

  7. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    The two reactions are named according tho their rate law, with S N 1 having a first-order rate law, and S N 2 having a second-order. [2] S N 1 reaction mechanism occurring through two steps. The S N 1 mechanism has two steps. In the first step, the leaving group departs, forming a carbocation (C +). In the second step, the nucleophilic reagent ...

  8. Grignard reagent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grignard_reagent

    The synthetic utility of Grignard oxidations can be increased by a reaction of Grignard reagents with oxygen in presence of an alkene to an ethylene extended alcohol. [22] This modification requires aryl or vinyl Grignards. Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction demonstrating that the presence of oxygen is essential.

  9. Halogen addition reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_addition_reaction

    A halogen addition reaction is a simple organic reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene functional group. [1] The general chemical formula of the halogen addition reaction is: C=C + X 2 → X−C−C−X (X represents the halogens bromine or chlorine, and in this case, a solvent could be CH 2 ...