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  2. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    The density of states related to volume V and N countable energy levels is defined as: = = (()). Because the smallest allowed change of momentum for a particle in a box of dimension and length is () = (/), the volume-related density of states for continuous energy levels is obtained in the limit as ():= (()), Here, is the spatial dimension of the considered system and the wave vector.

  3. Quantum dot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot

    Nanomaterials; Carbon nanotubes ... an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher ... quantum dots have a sharper density of states than higher ...

  4. Van Hove singularity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Hove_singularity

    The density of states which appears in the Fermi's Golden Rule expression is then the joint density of states, which is the number of electronic states in the conduction and valence bands that are separated by a given photon energy.

  5. Optical properties of carbon nanotubes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_properties_of...

    Optical transitions occur between the v 1 − c 1, v 2 − c 2, etc., states of semiconducting or metallic nanotubes and are traditionally labeled as S 11, S 22, M 11, etc., or, if the "conductivity" of the tube is unknown or unimportant, as E 11, E 22, etc. Crossover transitions c 1 − v 2, c 2 − v 1, etc., are dipole-forbidden and thus are ...

  6. Carbon quantum dot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_quantum_dot

    As a new class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials, ... [13] [14] or proposed a form of coupling between core and surface electronic states. [15] ...

  7. Density matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix

    In quantum mechanics, a density matrix (or density operator) is a matrix that describes an ensemble [1] of physical systems as quantum states (even if the ensemble contains only one system). It allows for the calculation of the probabilities of the outcomes of any measurements performed upon the systems of the ensemble using the Born rule .

  8. Purity (quantum mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purity_(quantum_mechanics)

    A graphical intuition of purity may be gained by looking at the relation between the density matrix and the Bloch sphere, = (+), where is the vector representing the quantum state (on or inside the sphere), and = (,,) is the vector of the Pauli matrices.

  9. Plasmonic nanoparticles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmonic_nanoparticles

    FDTD simulation of a pulsed plane wave interaction with plasmonic nanoparticles [1]. Plasmonic nanoparticles are particles whose electron density can couple with electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths that are far larger than the particle due to the nature of the dielectric-metal interface between the medium and the particles: unlike in a pure metal where there is a maximum limit on what ...