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When the head is stationary, the binaural cues for lateral sound localization (interaural time difference and interaural level difference) do not give information about the location of a sound in the median plane. Identical ITDs and ILDs can be produced by sounds at eye level or at any elevation, as long as the lateral direction is constant.
Interaural time difference (ITD) between left (top) and right (bottom) ears. (sound source: 100 ms white noise from 90° azimuth, 0° elevation). The interaural time difference (or ITD) when concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears.
Conversely, a phase reversal or phase inversion implies a 180-degree phase shift. [2] When the phase difference () is a quarter of turn (a right angle, +90° = π/2 or −90° = 270° = −π/2 = 3π/2), sinusoidal signals are sometimes said to be in quadrature, e.g., in-phase and quadrature components of a composite signal or even different ...
This phase detector requires inputs that are symmetrical square waves, or nearly so. The XOR detector compares well to the analog mixer in that it locks near a 90° phase difference and has a pulse wave output at twice the reference frequency. The output changes duty cycle in proportion to the phase difference.
Phase-comparison monopulse is a technique used in radio frequency (RF) applications such as radar and direction finding to accurately estimate the direction of arrival of a signal from the phase difference of the signal measured on two (or more) separated antennas [1] or more typically from displaced phase centers of an array antenna.
In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency-domain representation of random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, corresponding to time-domain deviations from perfect periodicity . Generally speaking, radio-frequency engineers speak of the phase noise of an oscillator , whereas digital-system engineers work with the jitter of a clock.
[7] [1] [8] [9] [10] Cross-correlation quantifies the ability to predict the phase of the second wave by knowing the phase of the first. As an example, consider two waves perfectly correlated for all times (by using a monochromatic light source). At any time, the phase difference between the two waves will be constant.
To solve the problem of differential phase distortion in PAL system, the polarity of both the colorburst and the color signal are reversed in each consecutive lines. [2] [3] So in odd lines the phase of the colorburst leads and in the even lines the phase of the color signal leads. However, if there is DP distortion in the system, the shift ...