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In the early centuries of the first millennium, the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, religions which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Malaysia. [92] The Sanskrit writing system was used as early as the 4th century. [93]
Malaysian Indians or Indo-Malaysians are Malaysian citizens of Indian or South Asian ancestry. Most are descendants of those who migrated from India to British Malaya from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. [3] [4] Most Malaysian Indians are ethnic Tamils; smaller groups include the Malayalees, Telugus and Punjabis.
As many of them are assimilating into the mainstream Indian, Chinese and Malay ethnic communities culturally, this small but distinct group of people that has survived for centuries is now on the brink of extinction. Exhibition of Peranakan Chitty history, antiques and culture can be seen at the Chitty Museum in Chitty Village, Melaka, Malaysia.
The government has historically made little distinction between "Malay culture" and "Malaysian culture". [8] The Malays, who account for over half the Malaysian population, [1] play a dominant role politically and are included in a grouping identified as bumiputra. Their native language, Bahasa Malaysia, is the national language of the country. [9]
Punjabis were brought to Malaysia in the mid-19th century, when both the Indian subcontinent and Malaysia were under British colonial rule. The earliest Punjabi arrivals included political prisoners from British India, as well as those recruited by the British to serve in the paramilitary and police forces in both Peninsular and East Malaysia, owing to their characterisation as a martial race.
"The Indian Community in Sabah, Malaysia: A Historical Perspective" by K.S. Nathan (2010) "The Socioeconomic Status of Indians in Sabah, Malaysia" by S. Sothi and S. Singh (2005) "The Cultural Contributions of Indians to Sabah, Malaysia" by S. Arasaratnam (2008) "The Challenges Faced by Indians in Sabah, Malaysia" by P. Ramasamy (2007)
In the early centuries of the first millennium, the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism, which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Malaysia. [58] The Sanskrit writing system was used as early as the 4th century. [59]
Ethnic Jawi Peranakan, a Muslim creole ethnic group of mixed Indian, Malay and Arab ancestry with predominantly Indian origin mostly use Malay as their first language in addition to English. Another distinct group of Indian Muslims known as Mamak use the Penang Malay ( Pelat Utara ) variant as their first and daily language.