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The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes. [5] Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS. [6] In women and children, AAS can cause irreversible masculinization. [6]
The FDA has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning information about the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke. [11] They have also required the label include concerns about abuse and dependence. [83] Injectable forms of testosterone can cause a lung problem called pulmonary oil microembolism (POME).
Excessive levels of testosterone in men may be associated with hyperandrogenism, higher risk of heart failure, increased mortality in men with prostate cancer, [7] and male pattern baldness. Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androstane class containing a ketone and a hydroxyl group at positions three and seventeen respectively.
Although the use of anabolic steroids can sometimes cause enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle, Schwarzenegger was born with a congenital genetic defect in which his heart had a bicuspid aortic valve, a condition that rendered his aortic valve with two cusps instead of three, which can occasionally cause problems later in life. [27]
The rise in heart attack rates has been steepest among young women, some research suggests. From 1995 to 2014, hospitalizations for heart attacks in women between ages 35 and 54 rose from 21% to ...
Administration of high-dose testosterone in men over a course of weeks can cause an increase in aggression and hypomanic symptoms, though these were seen in only a minority of subjects. [15] Acute high-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid administration in males attenuates endogenous sex hormone production and affects the thyroid hormone axis.
“I think we need more data to help us understand whether these benefits are sustained over long periods of time, and we don’t know whether these medications carry serious long-term risks after ...
[6] [7] For most medical applications, an AAS with potent anabolic and minimal androgenic and cardiovascular effects would be an advantage. In the 1930s, 17α-alkylated anabolic steroids were discovered. These have increased metabolic stability and are orally active, but are not tissue selective. [8]