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The molecules of such solvents readily donate protons (H +) to solutes, often via hydrogen bonding. Water is the most common protic solvent. Conversely, polar aprotic solvents cannot donate protons but still have the ability to dissolve many salts. [1] [2] Methods for purification of common solvents are available [3]
The general notation for hydrogen bonding is Dn−H···Ac, where the solid line represents a polar covalent bond, and the dotted or dashed line indicates the hydrogen bond. [6] The most frequent donor and acceptor atoms are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and fluorine (F), due to their high electronegativity and ability to engage in stronger ...
The most common use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride, which is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, furniture and automobile upholstery, wall coverings, housewares, and automobile parts. [4] 1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an intermediate for other organic chemical compounds, and as a solvent.
In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + 1 ⁄ 2 O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O. Secondary and tertiary alcohols react with hydrogen chloride to give the corresponding chlorides. In the laboratory, the related reaction involving zinc chloride in concentrated ...
A hydrogen bond is an extreme form of dipole-dipole bonding, referring to the attraction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an element with high electronegativity, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. [4] The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction.
A chaotropic agent is a substance which disrupts the structure of, and denatures, macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids (e.g. DNA and RNA).Chaotropic solutes increase the entropy of the system by interfering with intermolecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.
The three "R"s stand for carbon substituents or hydrogen atoms. [ 1 ] In chemistry , an alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl '), [ 2 ] is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl ( −OH ) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom.
Type II eutectics are identical to Type I eutectic in composition yet include the hydrated form of the metal halide. Type III eutectics consist of hydrogen bond acceptors such as quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. choline chloride) and hydrogen bond donors (e.g urea, ethylene glycol) and include the class of metal-free deep eutectic solvents.