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  2. Upstream and downstream (DNA) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream_(DNA)

    This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference. The terms upstream and downstream are sometimes also applied to a polypeptide sequence, where upstream refers to a region N-terminal and downstream to residues C-terminal of a reference point.

  3. Bioprocess - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprocess

    The downstream part of a bioprocess refers to the part where the cell mass from the upstream are processed to meet purity and quality requirements. Downstream processing is usually divided into three main sections: cell disruption, a purification section and a polishing section.

  4. Promoter (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

    As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream).

  5. Upstream and downstream - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream

    Upstream and downstream can refer to: Molecular biology. Upstream and downstream (DNA), determining relative positions on DNA; Upstream and downstream (transduction) ...

  6. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect which ligands bind to which receptors and the downstream cellular response that they initiate.

  7. Downstream - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream

    Downstream may refer to: Downstream (hydrology) , the direction towards the mouth of a stream, i.e. the direction the current flows Downstream (bioprocess) , when a cell mass from an upstream process (isolated, grown and harvested) is further processed to meet purity and quality requirements

  8. Upstream (networking) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(networking)

    Symmetric connections such as Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) and T1, however, offer identical upstream and downstream rates. If a node A on the Internet is closer (fewer hops away) to the Internet backbone than a node B, then A is said to be upstream of B or conversely, B is downstream of A. Related to this is the idea of upstream ...

  9. Upstream (software development) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_(software...

    Upstream development allows other distributions to benefit from it when they pick up the future release or merge recent (or all) upstream patches. [1] Likewise, the original authors (maintaining upstream) can benefit from contributions that originate from custom distributions, if their users send patches upstream.