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Chronic stress is a term sometimes used to differentiate it from acute stress. Definitions differ, and may be along the lines of continual activation of the stress response, [43] stress that causes an allostatic shift in bodily functions, [5] or just as "prolonged stress". [44]
The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn [1] (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. [2] It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1915.
Cellular stress response is the wide range of molecular changes that cells undergo in response to environmental stressors, including extremes of temperature, exposure to toxins, and mechanical damage. Cellular stress responses can also be caused by some viral infections. [1]
A typical allostatic response has been initiated by a stressor and then continues for the duration of the stressor, in which it shuts off as the stressor has ended. Allostatic load is the accumulation of stressors and maladaptive responses that may result in an extreme state, where the stress response does not terminate. [26]
The integrated stress response can be triggered within a cell due to either extrinsic or intrinsic conditions. Extrinsic factors include hypoxia, amino acid deprivation, glucose deprivation, viral infection and presence of oxidants. The main intrinsic factor is endoplasmic reticulum stress due to the accumulation of unfolded proteins.
Chronic stress is the physiological or psychological response induced by a long-term internal or external stressor. [1] The stressor, either physically present or recollected, will produce the same effect and trigger a chronic stress response. [ 1 ]
A stress response that can occur under conditions that are non-advantageous, but also non-lethal, is the creation of a biofilm. In this response, bacterial cells can secrete extracellular polymeric substances to form a film that can provide support to the bacterial colony, such as by improving their ability to adhere to a surface. [ 4 ]
Stress hormones travel in the blood stream to relevant organs, e.g., glands, heart, intestines, triggering a flight-or-fight response. Between this flow there is an alternate path that can be taken after the stressor is transferred to the hypothalamus , which leads to the sympathetic nervous system ; after which the adrenal medulla secretes ...