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A hydronephrotic kidney may present as a palpable abdominal mass in the newborn, and may suggest an ectopic ureter or ureterocele. In older children, ureteral duplication may present as: [citation needed] Urinary tract infection – most commonly due to vesicoureteral reflux (flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, rather than vice versa).
Pancake kidney (also known as disc, shield or doughnut kidney [1]) is a rare anomaly of the kidney with complete fusion of the superior, mild and inferior poles of both kidneys. The kidney is seen as a single, disc-shaped mass typically located in the pelvis. [2] Each kidney has its own ureter that does not cross the midline. [1]
The right kidney is often found more caudally and is slimmer than the left kidney, which may have a so-called dromedary hump due to its proximity to the spleen. The kidney is surrounded by a capsule separating the kidney from the echogenic perirenal fat, which is seen as a thin linear structure.
Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births. Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal; however, medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur. Renal dysplasia; Unilateral small kidney
The typical mammalian kidney consists of a renal capsule, a peripheral cortex, an internal medulla, one or more renal calyces, and a renal pelvis. [7] Although the calyces or renal pelvis may be absent in some species. [7] The medulla is made up of one or more renal pyramids, [8] forming papillae with their innermost parts. [9]
The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides. The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons.
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The outer layer of each kidney is made up of a fibrous sheath called the renal capsule. The peripheral layer of the kidney is called the cortex and the inner part is called the medulla. The medulla consists of one or more pyramids, the bases of which start from corticomedullary border. Medulla pyramid with overlying cortex comprises the renal ...