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SageMath is designed partially as a free alternative to the general-purpose mathematics products Maple and MATLAB. It can be downloaded or used through a web site. SageMath comprises a variety of other free packages, with a common interface and language. SageMath is developed in Python.
Substitution, written M[x := N], is the process of replacing all free occurrences of the variable x in the expression M with expression N. Substitution on terms of the lambda calculus is defined by recursion on the structure of terms, as follows (note: x and y are only variables while M and N are any lambda expression): x[x := N] = N
A substitution is called a ground substitution if it maps all variables of its domain to ground, i.e. variable-free, terms. The substitution instance tσ of a ground substitution is a ground term if all of t ' s variables are in σ ' s domain, i.e. if vars(t) ⊆ dom(σ).
In mathematics, a change of variables is a basic technique used to simplify problems in which the original variables are replaced with functions of other variables. The intent is that when expressed in new variables, the problem may become simpler, or equivalent to a better understood problem.
The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...
For example, finding a substitution = + + for a cubic equation of degree =, = + + + such that substituting = yields a new equation ′ = + ′ + ′ + ′ such that ′ =, ′ =, or both. More generally, it may be defined conveniently by means of field theory , as the transformation on minimal polynomials implied by a different choice of ...
In calculus, the power rule is used to differentiate functions of the form () =, whenever is a real number. Since differentiation is a linear operation on the space of differentiable functions, polynomials can also be differentiated using this rule.
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with Windows 1.0. [6]In Windows 3.0, a scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, statistical functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.