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A red giant star with one of the largest ranges in brightness known of stars in the night sky visible to the unaided eye. Despite its large radius, it is less massive than the Sun. 119 Tauri (CE Tauri, Ruby Star) 587 – 593 [76] AD ρ Cassiopeiae: 564 ± 67 or 700 ± 112 [77] AD
Rare ultramassive stars that exceed this limit – for example in the R136 star cluster – might be explained by the following proposal: Some of the pairs of massive stars in close orbit in young, unstable multiple-star systems must, on rare occasions, collide and merge when certain unusual circumstances hold that make a collision possible. [3]
A black hole (artist concept); Vela Pulsar, a rotating neutron star; M80, a globular cluster, and the Pleiades, an open star cluster; The Whirlpool galaxy and Abell 2744, a galaxy cluster; Superclusters, galactic filaments and voids
Stars range in size from neutron stars, which vary anywhere from 20 to 40 km (25 mi) in diameter, to supergiants like Betelgeuse in the Orion constellation, which has a diameter about 640 times that of the Sun [140] with a much lower density.
Main-sequence stars vary in surface temperature from approximately 2,000 to 50,000 K, whereas more-evolved stars – in particular, newly-formed white dwarfs – can have surface temperatures above 100,000 K. [3] Physically, the classes indicate the temperature of the star's atmosphere and are normally listed from hottest to coldest.
The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type (namely K and M) by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1905 [3] or 1906. [4] Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities over 10 times that of the Sun.
In 2016, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) [2] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin, dated July 2016, [3] included a table of 125 stars comprising the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN (on 30 June and 20 July 2016) together with names of stars adopted by the IAU Executive Committee ...
The first list shows a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L ☉ or greater, including the stars in open cluster, OB association and H II region. The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L ☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete. The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.