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In theory, the solidus was struck from pure gold, but because of the limits of refining techniques, in practice – the coins were often about 23k fine (95.8% gold). In the Greek-speaking world during the Roman period, and then in the Byzantine economy, the solidus was known as the νόμισμα (nomisma, plural nomismata). [4]
Solidus minted during the second reign of Justinian II (705–711). Early Byzantine coins continue the late Greco-Roman conventions: on the obverse the head of the Roman Emperor, now full face rather than in profile; [note 1] on the reverse, usually a Christian symbol such as the cross or an angel (the two tending to merge into one another).
Hyperpyron of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180), showing its typical scyphate (cup-shaped) form.. The hyperpyron (Greek: νόμισμα ὑπέρπυρον nómisma hypérpyron) was a Byzantine coin in use during the late Middle Ages, replacing the solidus as the Byzantine Empire's standard gold coinage in the 11th century.
Gold tetarteron of the sole rule of Empress Theodora (r. 1055–1056).. Ever since Emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337), the Byzantine Empire's main coinage had been the high-quality solidus or nomisma, which had remained standard in weight and gold content through the centuries.
' standard coin ') was the name given to the gold Byzantine solidus when the slightly lighter tetarteron was introduced in the 960s. To distinguish the two, the histamenon was changed in form from the original solidus, becoming wider and thinner, as well as concave in form.
Israeli archaeologists have hailed the discovery of 44 gold coins in a wall as a rare glimpse into the Byzantine Empire past at a time of violent conquest.
Byzantine mints at the time of Justinian I (mid-6th century) The East Roman or Byzantine Empire established and operated several mints throughout its history (330–1453). ). Aside from the main metropolitan mint in the capital, Constantinople, a varying number of provincial mints were also established in other urban centres, especially during the 6th cen
The term nummus is now usually applied solely to the 5th–7th century Byzantine issues. These were small, badly struck coins, weighing less than 1 gram, forming the lowest denomination of Byzantine coinage. They were valued officially at 1 ⁄ 7,200 of the gold solidus but more usually rated to 1 ⁄ 6,000 or 1 ⁄ 12,000. [5]
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