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The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain, Prussia, and Russia forming the Quadruple Alliance. [8] The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the German Confederation and also into Italy. [8]
The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states. In the late Iron Age Austria was occupied by people of the Hallstatt Celtic culture (c. 800 BC), they first organized as a Celtic kingdom referred to by the Romans as Noricum, dating from c. 800 to 400 BC.
Austria-Hungary, [c] also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe [d] between 1867 and 1918.
The two parts of the empire were united by a common ruler, by a joint foreign policy, and, to some extent, by shared finances. Otherwise, Austria and Hungary were virtually independent states, each having its own parliament, government, administration, and judicial system. Despite a series of crises, this dual system survived until 1918.
The Austrian Empire divided the former territories of the Commonwealth it obtained into: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – from 1772 to 1918. West Galicia – from 1795 to 1809; Free City of Kraków – from 1815 to 1846; Two important and major cities of the Austrian partition were Kraków (German: Krakau) and Lwów (German: Lemberg).
Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary in 1910 Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. (Rusyns are registered as Ukrainians)In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language.
Austria and the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Constantinople, ending their conflict. Ferdinand recognized John Zápolya as king of Hungary in exchange for Ottoman recognition of his conquests in the west of the kingdom, signaling its de facto division into the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, and Royal Hungary.
The Duchy of Bukovina (German: Herzogtum Bukowina or Herzogtum Buchenland; Romanian: Ducatul Bucovinei; Ukrainian: Герцогство Буковина, romanized: Hertsohstvo Bukovyna) was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918.