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  2. Élie Metchnikoff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie_Metchnikoff

    Metchnikoff became interested in the study of microbes, and especially the immune system. At Messina he discovered phagocytosis after experimenting on the larvae of starfish. In 1882 he first demonstrated the process when he inserted small citrus thorns into starfish larvae, then found unusual cells surrounding the thorns. He realized that in ...

  3. Cell-mediated immunity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

    In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.

  4. Immune system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

    The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to bacteria, as well as cancer cells, parasitic worms, and also objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major ...

  5. Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution

    The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income. [144] According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales, which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740, rose dramatically after 1740.

  6. Danger model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_model

    The first major immunologic model was the Self/Non-self Model proposed by Macfarlane Burnet and Frank Fenner in 1949 with later refinement by Burnet. [1] [2] It theorizes that the immune system distinguishes between self, which is tolerated, and non-self, which is attacked and destroyed.

  7. Damage-associated molecular pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage-associated...

    The second study [10] suggested the possibility that the immune system detected "danger", through a series of what is now called damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), working in concert with both positive and negative signals derived from other tissues.

  8. The 6 best and 6 worst celebrity Christmas albums - AOL

    www.aol.com/6-best-6-worst-celebrity-192259339.html

    Every year, celebrities try to capitalize on the holiday season by releasing festive music. Singers like Mariah Carey, Ariana Grande, and Michael Bublé managed to perfect the cheesy art form.

  9. Immunogenicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenicity

    However, strictly speaking, immunogenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to induce an adaptive immune response. Thus an antigen might bind specifically to a T or B cell receptor, but not induce an adaptive immune response. If the antigen does induce a response, it is an 'immunogenic antigen', which is referred to as an immunogen.