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Neutering, from the Latin neuter ('of neither sex'), [1] is the removal of a non-human animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. The male-specific term is castration , while spaying is usually reserved for female animals.
The surgery can be performed for various reasons: [1] [2] [3] treatment for testicular cancer; as part of gender-affirming surgery for transgender women; as management for advanced prostate cancer [4] to remove damaged testes after testicular torsion. after a trauma or complex rupture of the tunica albuginea.
Chemical castration is castration via anaphrodisiac drugs, whether to reduce libido and sexual activity, to treat cancer, or otherwise.Unlike surgical castration, where the gonads are removed through an incision in the body, [1] chemical castration does not remove organs and is not a form of sterilization.
Castration is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses use of the testicles: the male gonad.Surgical castration is bilateral orchiectomy (excision of both testicles), while chemical castration uses pharmaceutical drugs to deactivate the testes.
Over 1/3 of women who reported being sterilized were sterilized in their twenties, with the average age of sterilization being 26. [ 202 ] A survey by a team of Americans in 1975 confirmed Presser's assessment that nearly 1/3 of Puerto Rican women of childbearing age had been sterilized. [ 192 ]
Reproductive surgery in women has largely been complementary to other ART methods such as medication, except for in tubal infertility, where surgery remains the main treatment. [11] Although reproductive surgery has been most relevant for severe symptoms, there has been a strong interest in greater analysis surrounding this topic of research.
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The surgery itself is controversial, and critics refer to the procedures as "designer vagina". [28] [29] [30] In the article Designer Vaginas by Simone Weil Davis, she talks about the modification of woman's vagina and the outside influences women are pressured with, which can cause them to feel shame towards their labia minora. She states that ...