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In gastroenterology, esophageal pH monitoring is the current gold standard for diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It provides direct physiologic measurement of acid in the esophagus and is the most objective method to document reflux disease, assess the severity of the disease and monitor the response of the disease to medical or surgical treatment.
Lung volumes. Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. [1] At FRC, the opposing elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles. [1]
The patient takes a series of normal tidal breaths for approximately one minute. During this tidal breathing, a series of rapid interruptions occurs, with a shutter opening and closing, measuring pressure and volume. [3] Lung volume measurements taken with cabinless plethysmography are considered equivalent to body plethysmography. [4]
In medicine, residual volume may refer to: Residual volume, air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation; see lung volumes; Residual volume, urine remaining in the bladder after voiding; see urinary retention; Gastric residual volume (GRV) is the volume of food or fluid remaining in the stomach at a point in time during enteral tube ...
The helium dilution technique is the way of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs (the volume left in the lungs after normal expiration). This technique is a closed-circuit system where a spirometer is filled with a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen. The amount of He in the spirometer is known at the beginning of the test ...
These estimates are for adults aged 18-70, have standard deviation of about 0.4 litres and have dependence on ethnicity, environmental factors, etc. [4] Residual volume may also be estimated as a proportion of vital capacity (0.24 for men and 0.28 for women).
By measuring changes in the antral area, two-dimensional ultrasonography can provide information about gastric emptying, and complete gastric emptying is determined when the antral area goes back to its preprandial baseline. Three-dimensional ultrasound can provide information on meal distribution and stomach volume. [50]
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in 1 breath (TV indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or V T is used.) RV: Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation: ERV