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A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution. [1]
Phenolphthalein (/ f ɛ ˈ n ɒ l (f) θ ə l iː n / [citation needed] feh-NOL(F)-thə-leen) is a chemical compound with the formula C 20 H 14 O 4 and is often written as "HIn", "HPh", "phph" or simply "Ph" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations.
The pH after the equivalence point depends on the concentration of the conjugate base of the weak acid and the strong base of the titrant. However, the base of the titrant is stronger than the conjugate base of the acid. Therefore, the pH in this region is controlled by the strong base. As such the pH can be found using the following: [1]
If pH is below the pK a or pK b value, the converse is true. Usually, the color change is not instantaneous at the pK a or pK b value, but a pH range exists where a mixture of colors is present. This pH range varies between indicators, but as a rule of thumb, it falls between the pK a or pK b value plus or minus one. This assumes that solutions ...
Basophil granulocytes, adult, range 0.015-0.15 × 10 6: Basophils, adult, median 0.03 × 10 6: Lymphocytes, birth 2-11 × 10 6: Lymphocyte, pediatric 1.5-8.0 × 10 6: Lymphocyte, adult, range 1.5-4.0 × 10 6: Lymphocyte, adult, median 2.5 × 10 6: Monocytes, birth, range 0.4-3.1 × 10 6: Monocytes, birth, median 1.05 × 10 6: Monocytes ...
Recall that the relationship represented in a Davenport diagram is a relationship between three variables: P CO 2, bicarbonate concentration and pH.Thus, Fig. 7 can be thought of as a topographical map—that is, a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional surface—where each isopleth indicates a different partial pressure or “altitude.”
A Reynolds number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. [16] Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynolds number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.
This is a property of pH indicators, whose molecular structure changes upon certain changes in the surrounding pH. This change in structure affects a chromophore in the pH indicator molecule. For example, phenolphthalein is a pH indicator whose structure changes as pH changes as shown in the following table: