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The effects of excess thyroid hormone typically respond to the administration of a non-selective beta blocker, such as propranolol (as most of the symptoms are driven by increased levels of adrenaline and its effect on the β-adrenergic receptors). Subsequent attacks may be prevented by avoiding known precipitants, such as high salt or ...
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Tg is secreted and accumulated at hundreds of grams per litre in the extracellular compartment of the thyroid follicles, accounting for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. [5]
Patients with hypoalbuminemia are more likely to present with it as a sign of an underlying disease process than as a primary disease process. By itself, hypoalbuminemia decreases the total protein concentration in blood plasma , also known as the colloid osmotic pressure , which causes fluid to exit the blood vessels into tissues to equalize ...
Liver disease can also cause hypoproteinemia by decreasing synthesis of plasma proteins like albumin. Renal disease like nephrotic syndrome can also result in hypoproteinemia because plasma proteins are lost in the urine. Sepsis (whole body infection) – macrophages activated in the liver and spleen secrete TNF-alpha into the bloodstream ...
Thyroid peroxidase is a frequent epitope of autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, with such antibodies being called anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies). This is most commonly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thus, an antibody titer can be used to assess disease activity in patients that have developed such ...
Iodothyronine deiodinases (EC 1.21.99.4 and EC 1.21.99.3) are a subfamily of deiodinase enzymes important in the activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones. Thyroxine (T 4), the precursor of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T 3) is transformed into T 3 by deiodinase activity.
Mutations in the gene encoding iodotyrosine deiodinase can affect enzyme function and be detrimental to human health. Iodide is an essential micronutrient for health in mammals. [ 24 ] Low levels of iodide either through the diet or through iodide metabolism are associated with hypothyroidism , mental retardation, goiter , and developmental ...
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a globulin protein encoded by the SERPINA7 gene in humans. TBG binds thyroid hormones in circulation. It is one of three transport proteins (along with transthyretin and serum albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) in the bloodstream.