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[81] 25 December was the date of the winter solstice in the Roman calendar. [77] The Calendar of Antiochus of Athens, c. 2nd century AD, marks 25 December as the "birthday of the Sun". [82] The following century, from AD 274, the Roman festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Sol Invictus, the 'Invincible Sun') was held on 25 December. [77]
Before Aurelian, the Calendar of Antiochus of Athens, c. second century AD, had marked 25 December as the "birthday of the Sun" but did not refer to any religious festival being held on that date. [46] [47] Around AD 238, Censorinus had written in De Die Natali that the winter solstice was the "birth of the Sun". [48]
The first (and only) time that December 25th is attested as natalis invicti is in the calendar of Philocalus, which dates to AD 354. That the Romans marked the winter solstice (December 25th in the Julian calendar) long before this is clear, but there is no evidence that it was deemed a festival of the sun god.
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[112] [113] [114] The three days after December 21 are the darkest as the sun is low in the sky, under Sagittarius's arrow, and therefore it is allegorized that, at this time, Jesus (the sun) dies for three days. [115] After December 25, the Sun moves 1 degree north, which indicate longer days or Jesus's resurrection. [116]
The 'history of religions' or 'substitution' theory suggests that the Church chose December 25 as Christ's birthday (dies Natalis Christi) [200] to appropriate the Roman winter solstice festival dies Natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Sol Invictus, the 'Invincible Sun'), held on this date since 274 AD; before the earliest evidence of Christmas ...
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