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In addition, they restrict "plosive" for pulmonic consonants; "stops" in their usage include ejective and implosive consonants. [2] If a term such as "plosive" is used for oral non-affricated obstruents, and nasals are not called nasal stops, then a stop may mean the glottal stop; "plosive" may even mean non-glottal stop. In other cases ...
Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive. Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, t̪ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, t̠ , and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, t͇ . The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. [1]
The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d (although the symbol d̪ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and d̠ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition or the aspirate, [1] [2] is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant.
So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ʰ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured consonant, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop bʰ in the Indo-Aryan languages.
Nasal clicks are click consonants pronounced with nasal airflow.All click types (alveolar ǃ, dental ǀ, lateral ǁ, palatal ǂ, retroflex ‼, and labial ʘ) have nasal variants, and these are attested in four or five phonations: voiced, voiceless, aspirated, murmured (breathy voiced), and—in the analysis of Miller (2011)—glottalized.
Miller (2003) attributes this to a larger glottal opening than is found in for example Hindustani breathy-voiced consonants. Linguo-pulmonic affricates. The rear articulation may also be released as a fricative, one which may be either voiceless or voiced. Aspiration / breathy voice is not distinctive, as fricatives are not easily aspirated.