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Indentured servitude is a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years. The contract called an "indenture", may be entered voluntarily for a prepaid lump sum, as payment for some good or service (e.g. travel), purported eventual compensation, or debt repayment.
Labor reforms in the 19th and 20th eventually outlawed many of these forms of labors. However, illegal unfree labor in the form of human trafficking continued to grow, and the economy continued to rely on unfree labor from abroad. Starting at the end of the 20th century, there became an increased public awareness of human trafficking.
The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6, 1865, and proclaimed on December 18.
American labor activist Mother Jones (1837–1930) July 1903 (United States) Labor organizer Mary Harris "Mother" Jones leads child workers in demanding a 55-hour work week. 1904 (United States) New York City Interborough Rapid Transit Strike. [25] 1904 (United States) United Packinghouse Workers of America. [25] 1904 (United States)
Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and aid freedmen, but they struggled against the violence of the oppressive environment. [ 33 ] In addition to internal parish problems, this area was reportedly invaded by insurgents from Arkansas, described as Desperadoes by the Bureau agent in 1868. [ 34 ]
After the Declaration of Independence, slavery in the US was progressively abolished in the north, but only finished by the 13th Amendment in 1865 near the end of the American Civil War. Modern US labor law mostly comes from statutes passed between 1935 and 1974, and changing interpretations of the US Supreme Court. [11]
The Taft-Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act, officially known as the National Labor Relations Act, of 1935. The amendments added to the NLRA a list of prohibited actions, or "unfair labor practices", on the part of unions. The NLRA had previously prohibited only unfair labor practices committed by employers.
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, minimum wage and overtime; West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937) upholding the legality of the minimum wage, reversing Adkins; United States v. Darby Lumber Co., 312 U.S. 100 (1941) held that all labor standards could be regulated consistently with the Commerce Clause, reversing Hammer