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White matter hyperintensities can be caused by a variety of factors, including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain, or loss and deformation of the myelin sheath.
“White matter hyperintensities specifically refer to lesions found in the white matter tracts of the brain, i.e., the cables connecting neurons, and are an imaging biomarker for diseases ...
These small regions of high intensity are observed on T2 weighted MRI images (typically created using 3D FLAIR) within cerebral white matter (white matter lesions, white matter hyperintensities or WMH) [1] [2] or subcortical gray matter (gray matter hyperintensities or GMH). The volume and frequency is strongly associated with increasing age. [2]
FLAIR hyperintensity 5 to 10 cm, or more than 1 site of involvement, each measuring < 10 cm FLAIR hyperintensity measuring > 10 cm, often with significant subcortical white matter and/or sulcal involvement. One or more separate sites of involvement may be noted. ARIA-H microHemorrhage: ≤ 4 new incident microhemorrhages 5 to 9 new incident ...
MRIs show hypointensities on T1-weighted images and hyperintensities on T2-weighted images, usually multiple confluent white matter lesions of various sizes, are characteristic. These lesions are concentrated around the basal ganglia, peri-ventricular white matter and the pons and are similar to those seen in Binswanger disease.
The degeneration of white matter, which reflects the degeneration of myelin, can be seen in a basic MRI and used to diagnose leukodystrophies of all types. T-1 and T-2 weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images are the most often used approach. [ 25 ]
Binswanger's disease, also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, [1] is a form of small-vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter. [2] White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypertension as well as old age. [3]
The external capsule is a series of white matter fiber tracts in the brain. These fibers run between the most lateral (toward the side of the head) segment of the lentiform nucleus (more specifically the putamen) and the claustrum. The white matter of the external capsule contains fibers known as corticocortical association fibers.