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Endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis [5] [6] [7] and may predate vascular pathology. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Endothelial dysfunction may also lead to increased adherence of monocytes and macrophages , as well as promoting infiltration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the vessel wall. [ 9 ]
Microangiopathy (also known as microvascular disease, small vessel disease (SVD) or microvascular dysfunction) is a disease of the microvessels, small blood vessels in the microcirculation. [1] It can be contrasted to macroangiopathies such as atherosclerosis , where large and medium-sized arteries (e.g., aorta , carotid and coronary arteries ...
Endothelial dysfunction is a result of changes in endothelial function. [20] [21] After fat accumulation and when stimulated by inflammation, endothelial cells become activated, which is characterized by the expression of molecules such as E-selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which stimulate the adhesion of immune cells. [22]
Microvascular decompression (MVD), also known as the Jannetta procedure, [1] is a neurosurgical procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia (along with other cranial nerve neuralgias), a pain syndrome characterized by severe episodes of intense facial pain, and hemifacial spasm.
Congenital diseases are medical conditions that are present at birth that may be associated with or inherited through genes. [16] Examples of congenital cerebrovascular diseases include arteriovenous malformations, germinal matrix hemorrhage, and CADASIL (cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). [9]
Moreover, focal narrowing of brain vessels and impairment of their ability to dilate in response to various stimuli may lead to a decreased cerebral blood flow and ultimately lacunar stroke. [11] Advanced age, chronic hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus are risk factors. It is unclear whether there is an association with alcohol ...
Brain ischemia is insufficient blood flow to the brain, and can be acute or chronic. Acute ischemic stroke is a neurological emergency typically caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow in a vessel in the brain. [15] Chronic ischemia of the brain may result in a form of dementia called vascular dementia. [16]
Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment or rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. [1]