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The incidence of life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions occurring during surgery and anesthesia is around one in 10,000 procedures. [1] Severe allergic reactions to anesthetic medications are rare and are usually attributable to factors other than the anesthetic.
Anaphylaxis (Greek: ana-'up' + phylaxis 'guarding') is a serious, potentially fatal allergic reaction and medical emergency that is rapid in onset and requires immediate medical attention regardless of the use of emergency medication on site.
Antiserum or drug treatment should be stopped as soon as possible. [2] [3] Once treatment has stopped, symptoms usually resolve within seven days. [3] Outcomes are generally good. [4] Corticosteroids, antihistamines, and analgesics are the main line of treatment. [3] The choice depends on the severity of the reaction. Prednisone may be used in ...
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there is an undesirable and adverse immune response to an antigen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an abnormality in the immune system that causes immune diseases including allergies and autoimmunity .
Treatment to protect the airway may include intubation or cricothyroidotomy. [1] Histamine-related angioedema can be treated with antihistamines , corticosteroids , and epinephrine . [ 1 ] In those with bradykinin-related disease a C1 esterase inhibitor , ecallantide , or icatibant may be used. [ 1 ]
Allergen immunotherapy is an alternative treatment considered in some patients, with a success rate of 80%-90% in reducing symptoms, [3] but requiring a much longer duration of therapy. The choice of medications depends on the disease to be treated, its severity and patient factors.
H 1 antagonists, also called H 1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H 1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions.Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines.
The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves to the glottis, external intercostals, diaphragm, and other major inspiratory and expiratory muscles. The mechanism of a cough is as follows: