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Anaphylaxis (Greek: ana-'up' + phylaxis 'guarding') is a serious, potentially fatal allergic reaction and medical emergency that is rapid in onset and requires immediate medical attention regardless of the use of emergency medication on site.
It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune complex hypersensitivity . The term serum sickness–like reaction (SSLR) is occasionally used to refer to similar illnesses that arise from the introduction of certain non-protein substances, such as penicillin .
A common symptom of laryngeal papillomatosis is a change in voice quality. More specifically, hoarseness is observed. [4] [5] As a consequence of the narrowing of the laryngeal or tracheal parts of the airway, shortness of breath, chronic cough and stridor (i.e. noisy breathing which can sound like a whistle or a snore), can be present.
The version related to bradykinin may occur due to an inherited problem known as C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, medications known as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or a lymphoproliferative disorder. [1] Treatment to protect the airway may include intubation or cricothyroidotomy. [1]
The most common anaphylactic reactions are induced by foods, insect stings and medications. [23] Adrenaline is both a hormone and a medication which plays an important role in the body's "fight-or-flight" response (the acute stress response). It is used to treat anaphylaxis as it provides immediate symptomatic relief.
The incidence of life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions occurring during surgery and anesthesia is around one in 10,000 procedures. [1] Severe allergic reactions to anesthetic medications are rare and are usually attributable to factors other than the anesthetic.
Anti-reflux medications may be prescribed for patients with signs of chronic laryngitis and hoarse voice. [24] If anti-reflux treatment does not result in a decrease of symptoms, other possible causes should be examined. [1] Over-the-counter medications for neutralizing acids and acid suppressants (H-2 blockers) may be used. [7]
The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves to the glottis, external intercostals, diaphragm, and other major inspiratory and expiratory muscles. The mechanism of a cough is as follows: