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An aventail (/ ˈ æ v ən t eɪ l /) [1] or camail (/ k ə ˈ m eɪ l, ˈ k æ m eɪ l /) [2] [3] is a flexible curtain of mail attached to the skull of a helmet that extends to cover at least the neck, but often also the throat and shoulders. Part or all of the face, with spaces to allow vision, could also be covered.
The rivet would extend out from the surface of the helmet and that extension contained a hole. A leather cord or metal wire would be strung through the vervelles in order to secure the strip of leather or metal (to which the maille aventail was attached) to the helmet.
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Bascinet with a bretache (nose protection) and aventail (chainmail neck protection). This illustration shows a bascinet with a type of detachable nasal (nose protector) called the bretache or bretèche made of sheet metal. [10] The bretache was attached to the aventail at the chin, and it fastened to a hook or clamp on the brow of the helmet. [10]
4-1 link pattern. The most common pattern of linking the rings together is the 4-to-1 pattern, where each ring is linked with four others. Historically, the rings composing a piece of mail would be riveted closed to reduce the chance of the rings splitting open when subjected to an attack.
A separate mail collar called a "pisan" or "standard" was sometimes worn under the aventail as additional protection. [6] Towards the end of the 14th century, threats including the increased penetrating power of the lance when paired with a lance rest on the breastplate made more rigid forms of neck protection desirable.
A mail collar hanging from a helmet is a camail or aventail. A shirt made from mail is a hauberk if knee-length and a haubergeon if mid-thigh length. A layer (or multiple layers) of mail sandwiched between layers of fabric is called a jazerant .
The helmet had an iron-and-brass or brass-and-copper aventail that hung at the base of the helmet to protect the neck, shoulders and the temple of the face. Sometimes, the aventail extended down to cover the eyes and the nose. The low end of the aventail was often shaped in a zig-zag triangular pattern (vandyked). [6]