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To produce metallic scandium, the oxide is converted to scandium fluoride and then reduced with metallic calcium. [32] Sc 2 O 3 + 6HF → 2ScF 3 + 3H 2 O; 2ScF 3 + 3Ca → 3CaF 2 + 2Sc; Madagascar and the Iveland-Evje region in Norway have the only deposits of minerals with high scandium content, thortveitite (Sc,Y) 2 (Si 2 O 7), but these are ...
Yttrium is a chemical element; it has symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". [8] Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free ...
The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths, and sometimes the lanthanides or lanthanoids (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), [1] are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides. [33] Scandium exists in the same ores that yttrium had been discovered from, but is much rarer and probably for that reason had eluded discovery. [25]
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The chemistry of scandium is almost completely dominated by the trivalent ion, Sc 3+, due to its electron configuration, [Ar] 3d 1 4s 2. The radii of M 3+ ions in the table below indicate that the chemical properties of scandium ions have more in common with yttrium ions than with aluminium ions. In part because of this similarity, scandium is ...
The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the ...
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol −1.This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions.