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It can be shown that if is a pseudo-random number generator for the uniform distribution on (,) and if is the CDF of some given probability distribution , then is a pseudo-random number generator for , where : (,) is the percentile of , i.e. ():= {: ()}. Intuitively, an arbitrary distribution can be simulated from a simulation of the standard ...
A random seed (or seed state, or just seed) is a number (or vector) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator.. A pseudorandom number generator's number sequence is completely determined by the seed: thus, if a pseudorandom number generator is later reinitialized with the same seed, it will produce the same sequence of numbers.
In many applications, the deterministic process is a computer algorithm called a pseudorandom number generator, which must first be provided with a number called a random seed. Since the same seed will yield the same sequence every time, it is important that the seed be well chosen and kept hidden, especially in security applications, where the ...
If a full derandomization is desired, a completely deterministic simulation proceeds by replacing the random input to the randomized algorithm with the pseudorandom string produced by the pseudorandom generator. The simulation does this for all possible seeds and averages the output of the various runs of the randomized algorithm in a suitable way.
Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols is generated that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance.
A permuted congruential generator (PCG) is a pseudorandom number generation algorithm developed in 2014 by Dr. M.E. O'Neill which applies an output permutation function to improve the statistical properties of a modulo-2 n linear congruential generator.
RDSEED/RDRAND is used on Intel-based Macs that support it. Seed (entropy) data is also stored for subsequent reboots. Prior to the change, macOS and iOS used 160-bit Yarrow based on SHA-1. [28] There is no difference between /dev/random and /dev/urandom; both behave identically. [29] [30]
In the asymptotic setting, a family of deterministic polynomial time computable functions : {,} {,} for some polynomial p, is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG, or PRG in some references), if it stretches the length of its input (() > for any k), and if its output is computationally indistinguishable from true randomness, i.e. for any probabilistic polynomial time algorithm A, which ...