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Bipolar cells come in two varieties, having either an on-center or an off-center receptive field, each with a surround of the opposite sign. The off-center bipolar cells have excitatory synaptic connections with the photoreceptors, which fire continuously in the dark and are hyperpolarized (suppressed) by light. The excitatory synapses thus ...
Rod bipolar cells do not synapse directly on to ganglion cells. Instead, rod bipolar cells synapse on to a Retina amacrine cell, which in turn excite cone ON bipolar cells (via gap junctions) and inhibit cone OFF bipolar cells (via glycine-mediated inhibitory synapses) thereby overtaking the cone pathway in order to send signals to ganglion ...
The horizontal cells lie in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer and possess somewhat flattened cell bodies.. Their dendrites divide into numerous branches in the outer plexiform layer, while their axons run horizontally for some distance and finally ramify in the same layer.
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is a type of neuron located near the inner surface (the ganglion cell layer) of the retina of the eye.It receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types: bipolar cells and retina amacrine cells.
Type I spiral ganglion cells comprise the vast majority of spiral ganglion cells (90–95% in cats and 88% in humans [2]), and exclusively innervate the inner hair cells. They are myelinated, bipolar neurons. Type II spiral ganglion cells make up the remainder. In contrast to Type I cells, they are unipolar and unmyelinated in most mammals.
The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells. The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a rod or cone), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell. The first action potential occurs in ...
Amacrine cells operate at the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells form synapses.There are at least 33 different subtypes of amacrine cells based just on their dendrite morphology and stratification.
Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of manic (elevated) and depressed mood.While the exact cause and mechanism of bipolar disorder remain unknown, ongoing research focuses on uncovering its biological origins.