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Piperazine is freely soluble in water and ethylene glycol, but insoluble in diethyl ether. It is a weak base with two pK b of 5.35 and 9.73 at 25 °C.; the pH of a 10% aqueous solution of piperazine is 10.8–11.8. Piperazine readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air.
Reaction of the lactam-derived enol phosphates 4 of 2,5-diketopiperazines with palladium catalyzed reactions (reduction, Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling reactions) enables the synthesis of a range of functionalised 1,4-dihydropyrazines 5 which can be aromatized to 1,4-pyrazines 6 in the presence of acid.
In the Staedel–Rugheimer pyrazine synthesis (1876), 2-chloroacetophenone is reacted with ammonia to the amino ketone, then condensed and then oxidized to a pyrazine. [5] A variation is the Gutknecht pyrazine synthesis (1879) also based on this selfcondensation , but differing in the way the alpha-ketoamine is synthesised.
The diketopiperazines: 2,3-, 2,5, and 2,6-isomers. A diketopiperazine (DKP), also known as a dioxopiperazine or piperazinedione, is a class of organic compounds related to piperazine but containing two amide linkages.
Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a substance often used as a recreational drug and is known to have euphoriant and stimulant properties. Several studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 found that the effects of BZP are similar to amphetamine, although BZP's dosage is roughly 10 times higher by weight.
1-Phenylpiperazine (1-PP or PP) is a simple chemical compound and drug featuring a phenyl group bound to a piperazine ring. [1] The suffix ‘-piprazole’ is sometimes used in the names of drugs to indicate they belong to this class. [2] It is a rigid analogue of amphetamine.
Vanoxerine is an investigational drug which is being evaluated for the treatment of heart arrhythmias and cocaine dependence.Vanoxerine is a piperazine derivative which has multiple pharmacological activities including acting as an dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin transporter inhibitor, and as a blocker of the cardiac hERG repolarizing potassium channel (IKr).
It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine. [6] Diethylcarbamazine was discovered in 1947 [7] by Yellapragada Subbarow. [8] [9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10] It is not commercially available in the United States but can be acquired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [1]