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This leads to the activation of different downstream substrates and regulatory proteins, inducing transcription of different target genes that function in differentiation, chemotaxis, proliferation, and activation of many immune cells. [2] [3] TGF-β is secreted by many cell types, including macrophages, in a latent form in which it is ...
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of structurally related cell regulatory proteins that was named after its first member, TGF-β1, originally described in 1983. [2] They interact with TGF-beta receptors. Many proteins have since been described as members of the TGF-β superfamily in a variety of species ...
21809 Ensembl ENSG00000119699 ENSMUSG00000021253 UniProt P10600 P17125 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003239 NM_001329938 NM_001329939 NM_009368 RefSeq (protein) NP_001316867 NP_001316868 NP_003230 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 75.96 – 75.98 Mb Chr 12: 86.1 – 86.13 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Transforming growth factor beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ...
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a potent cell regulatory polypeptide homodimer of 25kD. [1] It is a multifunctional signaling molecule with more than 40 related family members. TGF-β plays a role in a wide array of cellular processes including early embryonic development, cell growth, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. [2]
These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome [1] [2] and some human cancers, and play crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system. [3] [4] Isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. [5]
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The pathway is also involved in multiple physiological processes such ...
The protective and non-pathogenic T h 17 cells induced by IL-6 and TGF-β are termed as T reg 17 cells. The pathogenic T h 17 cells are induced by IL-23 and IL-1β. [5] IL-21, produced by T h 17 cells themselves, has also been shown to initiate an alternative route for the activation of T h 17 populations. [6]
Regulatory B cells (Bregs or B reg cells) represent a small population of B cells that participates in immunomodulation and in the suppression of immune responses. The population of Bregs can be further separated into different human or murine subsets such as B10 cells, marginal zone B cells, Br1 cells, GrB + B cells, CD9 + B cells, and even some plasmablasts or plasma cells.
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