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  2. Carboxylic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid

    The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO 2 H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a ...

  3. List of carboxylic acids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_carboxylic_acids

    The systematic IUPAC name is not always the preferred IUPAC name, for example, lactic acid is a common, and also the preferred, name for what systematic rules call 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. This list is ordered by the number of carbon atoms in a carboxylic acid.

  4. Organic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_acid

    The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO 2 OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak.

  5. Step-growth polymerization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-growth_polymerization

    Usage of monomer in the reaction: Rapid loss of monomer early in the reaction: Some monomer remains even at long reaction times Reaction steps: Similar steps repeated throughout reaction process: Different steps operate at different stages of mechanism (i.e. initiation, propagation, termination, and chain transfer) Average molecular weight

  6. Pinnick oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnick_Oxidation

    Standard protective group approaches, such as the use of t-BOC, are a viable solution to these problems. [12] Thioethers are also highly susceptible to oxidation. For example, Pinnick oxidation of thioanisaldehyde gives a high yield of carboxylic acid products, but with concomitant conversion of the thioether to the sulfoxide or sulfone. [7]

  7. Amphoterism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism

    The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [5] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base.

  8. Kolbe electrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis

    As an example, electrolysis of acetic acid yields ethane and carbon dioxide: CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COO − → CH 3 COO· → CH 3 · + CO 2 2CH 3 · → CH 3 CH 3. Another example is the synthesis of 2,7-dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane from 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid: [3] The Kolbe reaction has also been occasionally used in cross-coupling reactions.

  9. Protecting group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecting_group

    A common example for this application, the Fmoc peptide synthesis, in which peptides are grown in solution and on solid phase, is very important. [3] The protecting groups in solid-phase synthesis regarding the reaction conditions such as reaction time, temperature and reagents can be standardized so that they are carried out by a machine ...