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Chapter 12 of Title 11 of the United States Code, or simply chapter 12, is a chapter of the Bankruptcy Code. It is similar to Chapter 13 in structure, but it offers additional benefits to farmers and fishermen in certain circumstances, beyond those available to ordinary wage earners. Chapter 12 is applicable only to family farmers and fishermen.
Bankruptcy under Chapter 11, Chapter 12, or Chapter 13 is a more complex reorganization and involves allowing the debtor to keep some or all of his or her property and to use future earnings to pay off creditors. Consumers usually file chapter 7 or chapter 13. Chapter 11 filings by individuals are allowed, but are rare.
Chapter 3: Case Administration; Chapter 5: Creditors, the Debtor and the Estate; Chapter 7: Liquidation; Chapter 9: Adjustment of Debts of a Municipality; Chapter 11: Reorganization; Chapter 12: Adjustment of Debts of a Family Farmer or Fisherman with Regular Annual Income; Chapter 13: Adjustment of Debts of an Individual with Regular Income
Chapter 11 is mostly used by high net-worth individuals. [2] In the 12-month period ending June 30, 2017, Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 bankruptcy filings accounted for, respectively, 474,258 (61%) and 1,099 (0.14%) out of 772,594 nonbusiness bankruptcy filings in the USA. [3] [4]
Chapter 7, known as a "straight bankruptcy", involves the discharge of certain debts without repayment. Chapter 13 involves a plan of repayment of debts over a period of years. Whether a person qualifies for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 is in part determined by income. [49] [50] As many as 65% of all US consumer bankruptcy filings are Chapter 7 cases.
In Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 cases, the debtor is usually entitled to a discharge upon completing all payments under the plan. If the debtor fails to complete a required personal finance course after filing a Chapter 13, they will be ineligible for their discharge. Roughly 25-40% of Chapter 13 debts receive a discharge. [14]
United States bankruptcy courts are courts created under Article I of the United States Constitution. [1] The current system of bankruptcy courts was created by the United States Congress in 1978, effective April 1, 1984. [2] United States bankruptcy courts function as units of the district courts and have subject-matter jurisdiction over ...
The disadvantage of filing for personal bankruptcy is that, under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, a record of this stays on the individual's credit report for up to 7 years (up to 10 years for Chapter 7); [5] still, it is possible to obtain new debt or credit (cards, auto, or consumer loans) after only 12–24 months, and a new FHA mortgage loan just 25 months after discharge, and Fannie Mae ...