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Ferns, which may produce sporophylls that are similar to sterile fronds or that appear very different from sterile fronds. These may be non-photosynthetic and lack typical pinnae, e.g. Onoclea sensibilis. Cycads produce strobili, both pollen-producing and seed-producing, that are composed of sporophylls.
Microsporangia occur in all vascular plants that have heterosporic life cycles, such as seed plants, spike mosses and the aquatic fern genus Azolla. In gymnosperms and angiosperm anthers, the microsporangia produce microsporocytes, the microspore mother cells, which then produce four microspores through the process of meiosis.
Microsporophyll barely extends past the collar. The female branches are rarely branched, with an internode of up to 10 mm between bract collars. Mature seeds range in color from yellow to red and are oblong to obovoid in shape. The seeds grow up to 40 mm long and 20 mm in diameter, with a thin outer layer and a fibrous inner layer. [3]
The only heterosporous ferns are aquatic or semi-aquatic, including the genera Marsilea, Regnellidium, Pilularia, Salvinia, and Azolla. Heterospory also occurs in the lycopods in the spikemoss genus Selaginella and in the quillwort genus Isoëtes. Types of seedless vascular plants: Water ferns; Spikemosses; Quillworts
However, genetic analysis has shown Psilotum to be a reduced fern. [6] It is not clear whether leaf gaps are a homologous trait of megaphyllous organisms or have evolved more than once. [1] While the simple definitions (microphylls: one vein, macrophylls: more than one) can still be used in modern botany, the evolutionary history is harder to ...
The female cone (megastrobilus, seed cone, or ovulate cone) contains ovules which when fertilized by pollen become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.
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