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The difference between the assets and the liabilities is known as equity or the net assets or the net worth or capital of the company and according to the accounting equation, net worth must equal assets minus liabilities. [4] Another way to look at the balance sheet equation is that total assets equals liabilities plus owner's equity.
The price-to-book ratio, or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all assets minus liabilities owned by a company). The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same.
Assets Liabilities Equity Explanation 1 + 6,000 + 6,000 Issuing capital stock for cash or other assets 2 + 10,000 + 10,000 Buying assets by borrowing money (taking a loan from a bank or simply buying on credit) 3 − 900 − 900 Selling assets for cash to pay off liabilities: both assets and liabilities are reduced 4 + 1,000 + 400 + 600
The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; [1] where: . ROE = Net Income / Average Shareholders' Equity [1] Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.
Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return. [2] Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt. [3]
The clean surplus accounting method provides elements of a forecasting model that yields price as a function of earnings, expected returns, and change in book value. [1] [2] [3] The theory's primary use is to estimate the value of a company's shares (instead of discounted dividend/cash flow approaches).
Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an individual or institution minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities. [1] Financial assets minus outstanding liabilities equal net financial assets, so net worth can be expressed as the sum of non-financial assets and net financial assets.
Net asset value (NAV) is the value of an entity's assets minus the value of its liabilities, often in relation to open-end, mutual funds, hedge funds, and venture capital funds. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Shares of such funds registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are usually bought and redeemed at their net asset value. [ 3 ]