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APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences , including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
In 2008, it modified its position on sentence spacing to the following: In an earlier era, writers using a typewriter commonly left two spaces after a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. Publications in the United States today usually have the same spacing after concluding punctuation marks as between words on the same line.
Some modern desktop publishing programs, such as Adobe InDesign, evaluate the effects of all the different possible line-break choices on the entire paragraph, to choose the one that creates the least variance from the ideal spacing while justifying the lines (so as to reduce rivers); this also gives the least uneven edge when set with a ragged ...
The Gregg Reference Manual: A Manual of Style, Grammar, Usage, and Formatting is a guide to English grammar and style, written by William A. Sabin [1] and published by McGraw-Hill. The book is named after John Robert Gregg. The eleventh (“Tribute”) edition was published in 2010.
The Disambiguation and redirection templates and Wikipedia page-section templates automatically provide the required italic formatting. Special section headings for appendices such as ==See also== are not in italics. A further type of cross-reference may occur within a paragraph of text, usually in parentheses (round brackets).
For style manuals in reference-work format, new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years. For example, the AP Stylebook is revised every other year (since 2020). [7] The Chicago Manual of Style is in its 18th edition, while the APA and ASA styles are both in their 7th as of 2025. Many house styles and individual project styles change more ...
The last line of a paragraph continuing on to a new page (highlighted yellow) is a widow (sometimes called an orphan). In typesetting, widows and orphans are single lines of text from a paragraph that dangle at either the beginning or end of a block of text, or form a very short final line at the end of a paragraph. [1]
Pilcrow (¶) is the symbolic representation of paragraphs. Line break (↵) breaks the current line without new paragraph. It puts lines of text close together. Tab character (→) is used to align text horizontally to the next tab stop.