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Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. [6] Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. [7]
Spinetoram (marketed as Cheristin in its topical veterinary dosage-form) is an insecticidal mixture of two active neurotoxic constituents of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. [1] It is used to control pest insects in stored grain [2] and on domestic cats. [3]
The pesticide manual provides much information on pesticides. [6] [7] Many of the insecticides in the list are not in use. The developer of a pesticide applies for a common name when they intend to sell it, but some nevertheless do not reach the market. Many insecticides have been banned or otherwise withdrawn from the market over the decades.
Fluralaner, [12] sold under the brand name Bravecto among others, is a systemic insecticide and acaricide that is administered orally [13] or topically. [ 14 ] Mode of action
Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide and acaricide. It was patented and introduced in the 1950s by American Cyanamid. Like other organophosphates, dimethoate is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which disables cholinesterase, an enzyme essential for central nervous system function. It acts both by contact and through ingestion.
The acute reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.328 mg/kg bodyweight/day. The chronic reference dose (RfD) for bifenthrin is 0.013 mg/kg bodyweight/day. [4] Bifenthrin was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency, because of its carcinogenic effect. [18] This was approved by the European Parliament in 2009. [19]
Saccharopolyspora spinosa is a species of actinobacterium first isolated from soil in a rum still in an abandoned sugar mill on the Virgin Islands.It was discovered and described by researchers Mertz and Yao while collecting specimens to be screened for novel antibiotics. [1]
A reference dose is the United States Environmental Protection Agency's maximum acceptable oral dose of a toxic substance, "below which no adverse noncancer health effects should result from a lifetime of exposure". Reference doses have been most commonly determined for pesticides. The EPA defines an oral reference dose (abbreviated RfD) as: