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With dry, high-resistance soils, the reduced difference in voltage between line and neutral may prevent breakers from resetting. In Australia, locations with very dry soils need the grounding rods to be extra deep. [5] Experience in Alaska shows that SWER needs to be grounded below permafrost, which is high-resistance. [6]
Often, earth rods are driven deeper into the ground from the grounding grid for lower resistance grounding, [29] and may be surrounded by bentonite or marconite to further reduce resistance and ensure effective grounding for the lifetime of the substation. [30] Above ground, the grounding conductors may be steel, aluminum, or copper.
Such a zone can be produced through the use of a metal mat connected to the grounded object. Usually this metal mat (or ground mesh) is connected to buried ground rods to increase contact with the earth and effectively reduce grid impedance. [2] In some cases, a grounding grid can be used to equalize the voltage within the grid.
Other grounding electrodes may include buried solid plates, or a grid of buried wires, where soil conditions do not favor driven ground rods. Buried metallic piping systems, well casings or the reinforcing bars of concrete slabs in contact with the earth have all been used as grounding electrodes.
IG does not break ground loops, which can damage equipment like computers, printers, etc.. Interconnected computer equipment often benefits from single-point grounding. IG is only used with special equipment that requires it. The IG is typically insulated and separate all the way back to the point of earth grounding rod outside of the building.
There are several types derived from copper and steel: copper-bonded, stainless-steel, solid copper, galvanized steel ground. In recent decades, there has been developed chemical grounding rods for low impedance ground containing natural electrolytic salts. [31] and Nano-Carbon Fiber Grounding rods. [32]
A typical earthing electrode (left of gray pipe), consisting of a conductive rod driven into the ground, at a home in Australia.Most electrical codes specify that the insulation on protective earthing conductors must be a distinctive color (or color combination) not used for any other purpose.
A ground connection that is missing or of inadequate capacity may not provide the protective functions as intended during a fault in the connected equipment. Extra connections between ground and circuit neutral may result in circulating current in the ground path, stray current introduced in the earth or in a structure, and stray voltage.