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The Fenian dynamite campaign (also known as the Fenian bombing campaign) was a campaign of political violence orchestrated by Irish republican paramilitary groups in Great Britain from 1881 to 1885.
After the failure of the rebellion of 1867 and of the raids on Canada in 1866 and 1870, many American Fenians were disillusioned about any campaign to counter the British presence in Ireland. However, Alfred Nobel's 1866 invention of dynamite appeared to some members as the remedy for the ailing 'physical-force' movement.
The Irish National Invincibles, usually known as the Invincibles, were a militant organisation based in Ireland active from 1881 to 1883. Founded as splinter group of the Irish Republican Brotherhood , [ 1 ] the group had a more radical agenda, and was formed with an intent to target those who implemented English policies in Ireland.
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Fenian Raids: Fenian Brotherhood: 1867 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, England, and Canada: Fenian Rising: Fenian Brotherhood 1881–85 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Fenian dynamite campaign: Fenian Brotherhood 1882–83 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (Dublin) and British Cape Colony
Sim, David. "Filibusters, Fenians, and a Contested Neutrality: The Irish Question and US Diplomacy, 1848–1871." American Nineteenth Century History 12.3 (2011): 265–287. Stacey, Charles Perry. "Fenianism and the Rise of National Feeling in Canada at the Time of Confederation." Canadian Historical Review 12.3 (1931): 238–261.
The whole of Ireland had been under British rule since the end of the Nine Years' War in 1603. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was founded on 17 March 1858 with the aim of establishing an independent republic in Ireland, and the Fenian Brotherhood, ostensibly the American wing of the IRB, was founded in New York City in 1859.