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The reflected ultrasound is received by the probe, transformed into an electric impulse as voltage, and sent to the engine for signal processing and conversion to an image on the screen. The depth reached by the ultrasound beam is dependent on the frequency of the probe used. The higher the frequency, the lesser the depth reached. [9]
The risk of deep vein thrombosis can be estimated by Wells score.. Lower limbs venous ultrasonography is also indicated in cases of suspected pulmonary embolism where a CT pulmonary angiogram is negative but a high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism remains. [1]
The sound waves are emitted from the catheter tip, are usually in the 20-40 MHz range, and the catheter also receives and conducts the return echo information out to the external computerized ultrasound equipment which constructs and displays a real time ultrasound image of a thin section of the blood vessel currently surrounding the catheter ...
For example, in portal hypertension, there is an abnormal portal venous flow where it flows away from the liver (hepatofugal flow) instead of the normal flow towards liver (hepatopetal flow). In jugular venous pressure waveform of the internal jugular vein, the retrograde "a" waveform is a normal flow due to right atrium contraction. Both ...
Congenital stenosis of vena cava is a congenital anomaly in which the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava has an aberrant interruption or coarctation. In some cases, it can be asymptomatic, [ 1 ] and in other cases it can lead to fluid accumulation and cardiopulmonary collapse.
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Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
A JVP waveform. The jugular venous pulsation has a biphasic waveform. The a wave corresponds to right atrial contraction and ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse. The peak of the 'a' wave demarcates the end of atrial systole. The x descent follows the 'a' wave and corresponds to atrial relaxation and rapid atrial filling due to low ...