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To calculate beta, investors divide the covariance of an individual stock (say, Apple) with the overall market, often represented by the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, by the variance of the ...
The true market-beta is essentially the average outcome if infinitely many draws could be observed. On average, the best forecast of the realized market-beta is also the best forecast of the true market-beta. Estimators of market-beta have to wrestle with two important problems. First, the underlying market betas are known to move over time.
Beta measures how volatile a stock is in relation to the broader stock market over time. A stock with a high beta indicates it's more volatile than the overall market and can react with dramatic ...
For example, if the market is making a big move 20% higher, a stock with a beta of 1.5 will tend to trade up 30%. In this way, an investor can maximize gains in a bullish market by picking up ...
An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
The term () represents the movement of the market modified by the stock's beta, while represents the unsystematic risk of the security due to firm-specific factors. Macroeconomic events, such as changes in interest rates or the cost of labor, causes the systematic risk that affects the returns of all stocks, and the firm-specific events are the ...
If a stock has a beta of 1.2, it might be considered 20 percent riskier than the benchmark and therefore should compensate investors with a higher expected return. If the index returned 10 percent ...
The Capital Asset Pricing Model posits that individual stock returns move with the overall stock market symmetrically, i.e., that their upside and downside betas are identical. The dual-beta model attempts to differentiate downside risk (risk of loss) from upside risk (gain), both measured in terms of beta with respect to the market and not ...