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Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest. [22] In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the TGA. [23] Clonidine, along with methylphenidate, has been studied for treatment of ADHD.
Kidney biopsy showing thrombotic microangiopathy, a histomorphologic finding seen in malignant hypertension. The pathophysiology of hypertensive emergency is not well understood. Failure of normal autoregulation and an abrupt rise in systemic vascular resistance are typical initial components of the disease process. [6]
Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that a reduction of blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%.
The drug was tested in a pool of 795 patients undergoing dialysis, where it showed a 71% reduction in the risk of occurrence of CRBSIs in kidney failure patients.
Moxonidine has an affinity for I 1 that is 33 times greater than α 2, compared to clonidine which is only four times greater. [8] In addition, moxonidine may also promote sodium excretion, improve insulin resistance and glucose tolerance and protect against hypertensive target organ damage, such as kidney disease and cardiac hypertrophy.
Interstitial nephritis is uncommon (<1% incidence) in patients without any symptoms but occurs in about 10-15% of hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury of unknown cause. [2] While it can occur in patients of all ages, it is more common in elderly patients, perhaps due to increased exposure to drugs and other triggering causes. [2]
It is much less common than essential hypertension, affecting only 5-10% of hypertensive patients. It has many different causes including obstructive sleep apnea, kidney disease, endocrine diseases, and tumors. The cause of secondary hypertension varies significantly with age. [1] It also can be a side effect of many medications.
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
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