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Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent [1] from 1200 BCE [2] until the end of the 18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Varāhamihira, and Madhava.
[26] [27] Again in 2022, a new controversy started when both CBSE and NCERT removed topics regarding Islamic Empires in the class 12 history textbook and chapters like “Challenges to Democracy” in the class 10 political science subject and many others, saying it is necessary to reduce syllabus to reduce examination pressure on students by ...
For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while 9.75, 5 + 1 / 2 , 5/4, and √ 2 are not. [8] The integers form the smallest group and the smallest ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic number theory, the integers are sometimes qualified as rational integers to distinguish them from the more general algebraic integers.
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... is the number of positive integers not greater than n that are coprime ... 1, 2, 6, 30, 210, 2310, 30030 ...
When used in science, such a number also conveys the precision of measurement using significant figures. Knuth's up-arrow notation and Conway chained arrow notation: Notations that allow the concise representation of some extremely large integers such as Graham's number.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."
The set of profinite integers has an induced topology in which it is a compact Hausdorff space, coming from the fact that it can be seen as a closed subset of the infinite direct product ^ = / which is compact with its product topology by Tychonoff's theorem.