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The memory order is said to be strong or sequentially consistent when either the order of operations cannot change or when such changes have no visible effect on any thread. [1] [4] Conversely, the memory order is called weak or relaxed when one thread cannot predict the order of operations arising from another thread.
Program order guarantees that each process issues a memory request ordered by its program and write atomicity defines that memory requests are serviced based on the order of a single FIFO queue. In relaxing program order, any or all the ordering of operation pairs, write-after-write, read-after-write, or read/write-after-read, can be relaxed.
The following multi-threaded program, running on a multi-core processor gives an example of how such out-of-order execution can affect program behavior: Initially, memory locations x and f both hold the value 0. The software thread running on processor #1 loops while the value of f is zero, then it prints the value of x.
Strong consistency is one of the consistency models used in the domain of concurrent programming (e.g., in distributed shared memory, distributed transactions). [1] The protocol is said to support strong consistency if: All accesses are seen by all parallel processes (or nodes, processors, etc.) in the same order (sequentially)
Timsort is a hybrid, stable sorting algorithm, derived from merge sort and insertion sort, designed to perform well on many kinds of real-world data.It was implemented by Tim Peters in 2002 for use in the Python programming language.
The final revision of the proposed memory model, C++ n2429, [6] was accepted into the C++ draft standard at the October 2007 meeting in Kona. [7] The memory model was then included in the next C++ and C standards, C++11 and C11. [8] [9] The Rust programming language inherited most of C/C++'s memory model. [10]
Sorted arrays are the most space-efficient data structure with the best locality of reference for sequentially stored data. [citation needed]Elements within a sorted array are found using a binary search, in O(log n); thus sorted arrays are suited for cases when one needs to be able to look up elements quickly, e.g. as a set or multiset data structure.
In computer programming, the stride of an array (also referred to as increment, pitch or step size) is the number of locations in memory between beginnings of successive array elements, measured in bytes or in units of the size of the array's elements. The stride cannot be smaller than the element size but can be larger, indicating extra space ...